A Comprehensive Guide to Transit-Oriented Development for Developing Countries

The book is intended to be a comprehensive guidebook or a manual on Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) for readers, especially from developing countries. The author argues that even though TOD started in the developed countries, we need to understand the concept of TOD from the perspective of developing countries that are culturally, demographically and economically different. The book works on that principle and explains the characteristics of TOD, discusses selected case studies to learn from, clarifies various misconceptions related to TOD, brings together various technical methods to plan for TOD and explains their advantages and disadvantages. In the end, it throws light on validity of TOD in the fast-changing urban scape of smart cities and smart mobility.Table of Contents1. An Introduction to Transit-Oriented Development 1.1 Introduction 1.2 TOD and its objectives 1.3 Characteristics of Transit-Oriented Development 1.3.1 Density 1.3.2 Diversity 1.3.3 Design 1.4 Does transit type influence the success or efficacy of TOD plans? 1.5 At which scale is TOD planned? 1.6 Defining TOD area 1.7 TOD and car parking 1.8 Can TOD exist without transit? 1.9 Pricing the public transport 2. Learning from Examples 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Goals and objectives 2.3 Existing TOD case studies 2.3.1 Perth, Western Australia 2.3.2 Portland region, Oregon State, the USA 2.3.3 Subiaco, near Perth, Western Australia 2.3.4 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China 2.3.5 Singapore city, Republic of Singapore 2.3.6 Curitiba, Brazil2.3.7 Guangzhou, China 2.3.8 Seoul, Republic of Korea 2.3.9 Tokyo, Japan 2.4 Conclusions 3. Transit-Oriented Development in Developing Countries 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Need for TOD in developing countries 3.3 What does TOD mean for developing countries? 3.4 Gentrification of TOD areas and displacement of poor3.4.1 Gentrification and its causes 3.4.2 Managing gentrification 3.5 Conclusions 4. Planning for Transit-Oriented Development: The Methods 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Evaluation vs. Assessment 4.3 Evaluation of TOD plans 4.4 Assessment of TOD characteristics 4.5 Methods of assessment and planning for TOD 4.5.1 Node-Place Model 4.5.2 Enhanced node-place model 4.5.3 The Butterfly Model 4.5.4 Cluster analysis 4.5.5 TOD Standard (2013) 4.5.6 TOD Index - Local scale 4.5.7 TOD Index - Regional scale 4.6 Conclusions 5. Transit-Oriented Development and Smart Mobility 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Smart cities5.3 Smart mobility 5.3.1 Shared (smart) mobility 5.3.2 Electric vehicles (EVs) 5.3.3 Autonomous vehicles (AVs) 5.4 Smart and sustainable? 5.4.1 Environmental impacts of smart mobility 5.4.2 Social impacts of smart mobility 5.5 Smart mobility and TOD Appendix I: Equity vs. EqualityAppendix II: The Multi-Criteria Assessment (MCA)